๐ ็ธฝ็ฎ้ ๏ฝ ๐ ่ฑๆๅๆ๏ผๆฌ็ฏ๏ผ ๏ฝ ๐ ๅฎๆด็ฟป่ญฏ ๏ฝ โญ ็ฒพ่ฏ็ญ่จ
Circumcision
Circumcision
The most common variation is the presence or absence of the foreskin. Circumcision is the oldest elective operation, with evidence of its practice in Ancient Egypt between 2400 and 3000 BC.1 The operation has been performed for religious, cultural, or medical reasons throughout history.2 It has been estimated that globally 25% of men have been circumcised.3 The prevalence of circumcision in any population reflects racial, religious, cultural, and medical differences. The risks and benefits of neonatal circumcision have been the focus of much debate.4โ6 Importantly, circumcision protects men from cancer of the penis, urinary tract, and sexually transmitted infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and genital dermatoses.7 However, the incidence of penile cancer is low in Japan and Denmark where circumcision is rare,8 and therefore other factors are important in its pathogenesis.
Circumcision is indispensible in the management of diseases of the penis and foreskin, including dermatological conditions, and is being investigated for the control of HIV infection. Although the long-held consensus is that there is little evidence of significant adverse effects on health, including psychosexual function, circumcision does have side effects and complications including bleeding, postoperative and other infections, adhesions, fistulae, and keloid.5
Fig. 12.13 Pearly penile papules. Glans penis, coronal rim. From Bunker C. Male Genital Skin Disease. Saunders Ltd./Elsevier 2004.